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Andrew Moray (Norman French: ''Andreu de Moray''; (ラテン語:Andreas de Moravia)), also known as Andrew de Moray, Andrew of Moray, or Andrew Murray, an esquire,〔Barrow, Robert Bruce, fourth edition, p.98.〕 was prominent in the Scottish Wars of Independence. He led the rising in north Scotland in the summer of 1297 against the occupation by King Edward I of England, successfully regaining control of the area for King John Balliol. He subsequently merged his forces with those led by William Wallace and jointly led the combined army to victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. Moray was mortally wounded in the fighting, dying at an unknown date and place sometime later that year. ==Origins of the Morays of Petty== Andrew Moray was born late in the second half of the 13th century.〔Andrew Fisher, ‘Murray, Andrew (d. 1297) ’, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 (accessed 2 Aug 2007 )〕 The date and place of his birth, and whether he had any siblings, are unknown. Andrew's father was Sir Andrew Moray of Petty, Justiciar of Scotia (1289?–1296),〔Barrow, ''Kingdom of the Scots'', pp. 99–100, 110–11〕 a younger son of Walter Moray of Petty—Justiciar of Lothian (1255?–1257)—and his wife, the heiress of Bothwell, a member of the Olifard family.〔Paul. ''The Scots Peerage'', Vol 2, pp. 120–131〕 Andrew's mother was the fourth daughter of John (I) Comyn of Badenoch, died c.1273,〔Paul. ''The Scots Peerage'', Vol 1, p.507〕 whose name was not recorded. The Morays of Petty were a wealthy and politically influential baronial family whose powerbase was located in the province of Moray in north-eastern Scotland. They traced their origins to Freskin, a man believed to have Flemish origins. He was granted lands in the Laich of Moray during the 12th-century reign of King David I of Scotland,〔Oram, David I, pp.104-5〕 where he built a motte-and-bailey castle at Duffus on the northern shore of Loch Spynie (this sea-loch was subsequently almost completely drained in the 18th and 19th centuries to release hundreds of acres of land for agricultural use). The province of Moray long actively resisted incorporation into the Scots kingdom. Several royal armies were defeated in this struggle. Amongst the kings thwarted by the men of Moray was King Dub, who was killed when his army was defeated at Forres in 967. Moray was especially problematic for the Canmore kings of Scotland (whose dynasty sprang from King Malcolm Canmore). It was the heartland of rivals, the MacWilliams and MacHeths. Resistance to royal rule lingered into the 12th century. In 1130 a rebellion was led by Mormaer Óengus of Moray. King David responded to the rebellion by ‘planting’ of Flemish and other Anglo-Norman loyalists in the area. One such man was Freskin. Many rebels were forced from their lands. In the aftermath of Óengus's army's defeat at the Battle of Stracathro, Moray was taken under royal control, although in 1312 Robert the Bruce granted the earldom of Moray to his nephew, Thomas Randolph. Although King David and his successors sought to impose their authority on Moray, resistance continued. King Malcolm IV, David's grandson and successor, also uprooted and expelled the local populace. The Chronicle of Holyrood records that in 1163: "''King Malcolm transferred men of Moray''".〔Chronicle of Holyrood, ed.M.Anderson, p.190.〕 It was not until 1229, when William Comyn of Buchan, led a royal army into Moray and finally, and brutally, pacified the province for King Alexander II; he was rewarded by a grateful king with the lordship of Badenoch. The final, and most unmerciful, action in the mac Malcolm kings' long campaign against the rival royal dynasty was perpetrated against the infant in whom its claim resided: the three-year-old girl was publicly murdered by King Alexander's men, who, having read a proclamation, smashed her head against the market-cross in the burgh of Forfar. Moray now finally accepted the rule of the mac Malcolm kings of Scots. ==The Morays' place in Scottish society== At the outbreak of the Anglo-Scottish Wars of the late 13th century (popularly known as the Scottish Wars of Independence) the Moray family was well established in northern and southern Scotland. Sir Andrew Moray, the head of the Petty branch of the family, held extensive lands in the province of Moray, including the lordship of Petty,〔Barrow, Robert Bruce, p.98〕 which was controlled from Hallhill manor on the southern bank of the Moray Firth, the lordship of Avoch in the Black Isle,〔 which was controlled from Avoch Castle situated to the east of Inverness and overlooking the Moray Firth, and the lordship of Boharm,〔 which was controlled from Gauldwell castle. Amongst Sir Andrew's estates at Petty were lands at Alturile, Brachlie and Croy, and at Boharm were lands at Arndilly and Botriphnie.〔Barron, Scottish Wars of Independence, pp. 33 & 204〕 Andrew Moray the younger was heir to these lands and castles.〔Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, ed. J. Bain, vol.2, no.1178, p.300〕 This wealth was accompanied by significant political influence. Sir Andrew acted from 1289 as the king's chief law-officer in northern Scotland (the Justiciar)〔 and may have been co-opted to the guardianship following in the aftermath of the premature death of King Alexander III.〔Barrow, Robert Bruce, p.36〕 Sir Andrew's personal connections went to the top of most powerful family in Scottish society. In the 1280s he married his second wife - Andrew's stepmother - Euphemia Comyn,〔Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, ed. J. Bain, vol.2, no.307, p.84〕 the sister of John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, nephew of King John Balliol and one of the most politically influential men in Scotland. The Morays of Petty also possessed connections to the Douglases of Douglasdale.〔Barrow, Robert Bruce, p.109.〕 The influence of the Moray family was not confined to north-eastern Scotland. Sir William Moray of Bothwell, Sir Andrew's elder brother, held extensive lands in Lanarkshire and at Lilleford in Lincolnshire.〔Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, ed. J. Bain, vol.2, no.725, p.168〕 Sir William, who was known as ''le riche'' due to his extensive personal wealth, was constructing Bothwell Castle overlooking the River Clyde. Its design was influenced by the latest trends to be found in continental Europe in castle construction and was clearly intended as an unequivocal statement of his power and influence. Moray the younger was also heir to his uncle's wealth.〔 The Morays of Petty also possessed influence in the Scottish mediaeval church. A forebear of Andrew Moray, also named Andrew, had been bishop of Moray early in the 13th century and was responsible for the transfer of the seat of the bishopric to Elgin in 1224 and the establishment of the town’s fine cathedral. The Morays continued to possess links with the church. A younger brother of Sir Andrew, David, was currently a rector of Bothwell church in central Scotland and a canon of Moray.〔Barrow, ''The Kingdom of the Scots'', p. 218〕 He would subsequently be consecrated in the summer of 1299 as Bishop of Moray by Pope Boniface VIII,〔Barrow, Robert Bruce, p.152〕 and became one of the staunchest supporters of King Robert Bruce's kingship. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Andrew Moray」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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